Strategic Mangement(Krispy Kreme)

P r o j e c t o f Strategic Management Case Study Krispy Kreme Doughnut HAILEY COLLEGE OF COMMERCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB We are thankful to ALLAH (all mighty) for guiding us and giving us power and courage. Project submitted: Sir Ishfaq Ahmed This project is based on our course of S. M. We have tried to utilize our knowledge about the subject which was taught by our professor. S. M is a vast field and it was a bit difficult for us to cover it all at our learning phase. We have applied many concepts of S.M to the case study We are very much thankful to our Sir Ishfaq Ahmedfor teaching us this important subject with all dedication and interest. It was very necessary for us to understand the real concepts of S. M. for our future practical working life. Project prepared by: Bilal Raja 792 Krispy Kreme Doughnut History and Growth The founder, Vernon Rudolph, worked for his uncle, Ishmael Armstrong, who purchased a secret recipe for yeast-raised doughnuts and a shop on Broad Street in P aducah, Kentucky, from Joseph LeBeouf of Lake Charles, Louisiana. Rudolph began selling the yeast doughnuts in Paducah and delivered them on his bicycle.The operation was moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and other family members joined to meet the customer demand. The first store in the nation with the Krispy-Kreme name opened on Charlotte Pike in 1933. Rudolph sold his interest in the Nashville store and in 1938 opened a doughnut shop in Winston-Salem, and began selling to groceries and then directly to individual customers. The first store in North Carolina was located in a rented building on South Main Street in Winston-Salem in what is now called historic Old Salem. The Krispy Kreme logo was designed by Benny Dinkins, a local architect.By the 1960s, Krispy Kreme was known throughout the southeastern United States, and it began to expand into other areas. In 1976, Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation became a wholly owned subsidiary of Beatrice Foods of Chicago, Illinois. The headquar ters for Krispy Kreme remained in Winston-Salem. In 2003, a pilot project in Mountain View, California, to sell doughnuts through car windows and sunroofs at a busy intersection (with wireless payment) failed. On February 19, 2007, Krispy Kreme began selling the Whole Wheat Glazed doughnut in an attempt to appeal to the health conscious.The doughnut has twenty Calories fewer than the original glazed (180 vs. 200) and contains more fiber (2 grams vs. 0. 5 grams). As of January 2008, the trans-fat content of all Krispy Kreme doughnuts was reduced to 0. 5 of a gram or less. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration, in its guidelines, allow companies to round down to 0 g in its nutrition facts label even if the food contains as much as 0. 5 of a gram per serving. Krispy Kreme benefited from this regulatory loophole in its subsequent advertising campaign, touting its doughnuts as â€Å"trans- fat free† and having â€Å"0 grams trans-fat! Krispy Kreme began another phase of rapid ex pansion in the 1990s, opening stores outside the southeastern United States where most of their stores were located. Then, in December 2001, Krispy Kreme opened its first store outside the U. S. in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, just outside Toronto. Since 2004, Krispy Kreme has rapidly expanded its international operations. On April 5, 2000, the corporation went public on the NASDAQ using the ticker symbol KREM. On May 17, 2001, Krispy Kreme switched to the New York Stock Exchange, with the ticker symbol KKD, which is its current symbol.On January 18, 2005, Krispy Kreme announced Stephen Cooper, chairman of financial consulting group Kroll Zolfo Cooper LLC, as interim CEO. Cooper replaces Scott Livengood, who the company said has retired as chairman, president, CEO and a director. The company also named Steven Panagos, a managing director of Kroll Zolfo, as president and COO. Although based on informal advertising such as word-of-mouth, in 2006, Krispy Kreme moved into television an d radio advertisements, beginning with its â€Å"Share the Love† campaign with heart-shaped doughnuts. Vision and ValuesOur Vision †¢ To be the global leader in doughnuts and complementary products, while creating magic moments worldwide. Our Values (with acknowledgement to Founder, Vernon Rudolph) we believe†¦ †¢ Consumers are our lifeblood, the center of the doughnut †¢ There is no substitute for quality in our service to consumers †¢ Impeccable presentation is critical wherever Krispy Kreme is sold †¢ We must produce a collaborative team effort that is unexcelled †¢ We must cast the best possible image in all that we do †¢ We must never settle for â€Å"second best†; we deliver on our commitments We must coach our team to ever-better resultsMission statement We create the tastes for good times and warm memories for everyone, everywhere. With our Original Glazed doughnut as our signature and standard, we will continually improv e our customer's experience through: †¢ Innovative ideas †¢ Highest quality, and †¢ Caring service Financial/ business performance Environmental analysis Internal factors Strong brand recognition and recall Wide appeal of signature glazed doughnuts Vertical integration Development in international markets Strong channel of distribution Quality of product Expanded assortment of offerings at KKD stores including beverages Doughnut machine technology.Perishability of product Limited product line (heavy reliance on doughnut sales) Overextended (i. e. , Montana Mills acquisition) Lack of locations in some areas Pricing in some locations External factors Increasing popularity of coffee shops and bakery cafes Popularity of American foods and fashion in overseas markets Growth in two-income households Americans continue to experience time-starvation Entertaining opportunities moving from home to work environment Technological advancements (i. e. paperless ordering, predictive modeling software, hand held computers for delivery drivers) Channel expansion possibilities (i. e. , Internet pre-ordering) Competitors like Dunkin Donuts and Starbucks Low-carb trend in eating preferences All-natural, organic, healthy eating trends Cultural differences in breakfast and snack foods Increase in eating at full-service restaurants combined with a decrease in the use of fast-food restaurants S. W. O. T analysis Strengths 1. Affordable, high-quality doughnuts with strong visual appeal and â€Å"one-of-a-kind† taste 2.Neon â€Å"Hot Doughnuts Now† sign encourages people outside the store to make an impulse purchase 3. Market research shows appeal extends to all major demographic groups including age and income 4. â€Å"Hot shop† stores save money while keeping KKD customer experience intact 5. Vertical integration helps ensure high quality product 6. Consistent expansion; now in 16 countries 7. Product sold at thousands of supermarkets, convenience stores, and retail outlets through U. S. Weaknesses 1. Return on equity, assets, and investments all negative in the trailing twelve months; skill of mgmt. s questionable 2. Shareholders have not received dividends recently, and are not expected to in near future; stock price in state of flux 3. Closing stores when stores should be opening globally at steady rate to keep up with competitors' growth 4. Management states in recent 10-K that it is struggling with how to make stores profitable 5. Product line slow to expand with nothing Threats 1. Dunkin' Donuts presently dominates the doughnut market, particularly in northeastern U. S. 2. People are becoming more healthconscious, which does not bode well for highsugar, high-fat treats 3.Starbucks has approximately 25 times the amount of stores worldwide that Krispy Kreme Donut has 4. Restricted cash flow from banks and massive layoffs have stifled the world economy, decreasing discretionary income 5. Europeans prefer their local brands of Opportunities 1. Families crave convenience because of busy lifestyles 2. Asians love sweets and are open to trying foreign foods 3. Starbucks lacks a diversified and distinctive pastry line 4. Dunkin' Donuts does not have hot doughnuts to sell 5. Many children love sweet treats 6. Tim Horton has yet to expand beyond the U. S. nd Canada, and its product line does not appear to be competitive 7. South America, Africa, and Southern Asia are markets to conquer outside â€Å"sweet treats† to draw in healthconscious customers 6. Advertising not aggressive enough to appeal to areas outside southeast of U. S. where most stores are 7. Revenues down, net losses in each of past three years 8. Per 10-K, continued disputes with franchisees could hurt future business doughnuts 6. Britons tend not to have cars, which inhibits drive-thru customers, and their eating habits and office etiquette differ from Americans 7.Shareholders may sell KKD stock for lack of returns and dividends compa red to other similar firms in the industry SO Strategies 1. TV, radio, and print ads demonstrating 27 varieties of doughnuts against non-descript pastry offerings by Starbucks (S3, O3) 2. All store signs in supermarkets and conveniences where product is sold have picture of young child eating a Krispy Kreme doughnut (S7, O5) 3. Continued grand openings of stores in highly-populated cities such as Sao Paulo, Brazil & Johannesburg, South Africa (S6, O7) ST Strategies 1.Compare â€Å"hot† doughnut appeal of Krispy Kreme Donut to cold doughnuts of Dunkin' Donuts in TV and Internet ads (S1,T1) 2. Do â€Å"roadshow† across Europe as means of advertising, driving truck and mobile â€Å"hot shop† to major European cities and filming their reactions for European ads (S2, S4, T5, T6) 3. Express strengths and outline concrete strategies in clear format within 10-K in order to restore shareholder confidence in future of Krispy Kreme Donut (S1-S7, T7) WT Strategies 1. Expand product line with low-calorie foods (W5, T7) 2. Recruit top executive talent from other WO Strategies 1.Make doughnuts filled with fruit, put fruit cups on menu, and develop wide variety of fresh fruit smoothies; offer ways to incorporate nuts and protein into foods (W5, O3) 2. Aggressive Internet ads demonstrating the appeal of Krispy Kreme Donut hot doughnuts (W6, O4) 3. Open small but profitable â€Å"hot shops† in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia in order to expand globally (W3,O7) fast-food firms (W1, T7) 3. Survey franchisees to discover ways to repair business relationships and retain growth of franchise model; study McDonald's model for tips (W8, T1, T3) I. F. E E. F. E C. P. M Space matrix Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG)Krispy Kreme Donuts has three business segments, and they are presented here along with their annual revenues per Form 10-K filed on April 17, 2009: Company Stores ($266M), Franchise ($26M) and Krispy Kreme Supply Chain ($93M), with app roximately $384M in total revenues for the year ending February 1, 2009. This means that each business segment represented the following percentage in revenues: Company Stores (69. 2%), Franchise (6. 7%), and Krispy Kreme Supply Chain (24. 1%). Profits for each business segment are as follows: Company Stores ($-2M); Franchise ($18M); and KK Supply Chain ($25M), for a total of $41M in profits.Therefore, Company Stores has 0% of the profits; Franchise has about 41%; and Krispy Kreme Supply Chain has about 59%. We’ll assume that Company Stores has 3% of the market share and a -13% growth rate; Franchise has 3% of the market share and a 10% growth rate; and Krispy Kreme Supply Chain has 3% of the market share and -7% growth rate. Grand Strategy (GS) Matrix Recommendations 1- Reduce operating expenses (down-size individual stores) Lower Costs of Doing Business †¢ reduce operating costs per individual store by changing average size of stores from 2500-4500 sq. t. range to 1500 2000 sq ft. Potential for 30 – 50 % decrease in operating cost on a cost per square foot basis. I. Change entire manufacturing and distribution strategy – Implement par baked manufacturing operation †¢ to allow individual stores to decrease in size, thus lowering per store operating costs to a more appropriate level for sales volume †¢ Increased efficiency – smaller workforce per store, par-bake allows for minimal waste – inventory as needed (important b/c fresh goods – low shelf life †¢ Par bake will allow for â€Å"hot doughnuts now† all of the time. Implications of transition to par bake operation †¢ New Plant Equipment – freezers, production equipment, freezer trucks for distribution/delivery. †¢ Store Equipment – freezers, oven for various par baked goods, fryers for doughnuts. †¢ R&D for unique par bake operation, doughnuts still to be fried and glazed on site. II. Sale of Plant and Equipment -sell Effingham plant †¢ Potential buyers are large scale baked-goods manufacturers †¢ Sara Lee Corporation †¢ Entenmann’s (George Weston Bakeries Distribution) †¢ Harlan Bakeries, Inc. Estimated value of 10. 5 – 12 million. III. Remove â€Å"doughnut theater† from 95% of locations, doughnut theater can be part of a select few Flagship locations only. (3 – 5 Stores) 2- Develop stronger relations and control of franchisees I. Short-term period of one year – postpone new franchise agreements/new store openings II. Implement Franchise Support Systems †¢ Communication – between corporate and franchisees †¢ Support – training, advertising †¢ Utilize recommendation #1 in order to lower operating expenses for franchisees. – Implement Marketing Strategies I. Advertising – national television and radio advertising campaign based on â€Å"hot doughnuts now†. II. Marketing research  œ periodic research to stay abreast of trends. III. R&D – product development 4- Strengthen Competitive Advantage †¢ Strengthen Competitive Advantage through differentiation in products and services. I. Continue to utilize â€Å"hot doughnuts now† II. Expand product line †¢ Account with A&S â€Å"New York† Bagels (par-baked). Par baked will allow for â€Å"Hot Bagels Now†.

Living at Home and Living Away from Home

Nowadays, most students study at a university after graduating from high school. Due to the distance between their hometowns and colleges, a few students live with their family while many others live far away from home, and the most of them think about living away from home as the best part in their lives because they will have more freedom and that can be really exciting for them. However, they do not realize that living at home has more benefits compared to living away from home. Firstly, I prefer living at home, because students who are living at home can enjoy better living conditions than ones living far from home. As home is the whole family’s place, it is normally large and well-equipped with many electric devices. Also, the work required to keep a home clean tends to go unnoticed when the mother does it. Clean floors, tidy rooms, and fresh laundry tend to be taken for granted. Even though the average teenager may help around the house one of the parents tends to do most of the housework. The floor is always clean, the rooms are always tidy, and laundry is never less than fresh and neatly folded. In addition, students are provided with fresh, nutritious food. On the contrary, dormitory or a rented house are usually small with poor facilities. For example, many students living in a cramped rented house have to use one small space for cooking, eating, learning and sleeping. Also the laundry will pile high and become a daunting task for them to achieve. The back door step will be dirty, and the rooms will become cluttered. Owing to busy learning, students may skip their meals or eat fast food, which badly influences their health. Secondly, living at home differs from living far away in that it helps students avoid financial problems. Living at home, students have the telephone bills, electricity bills and other daily expenses paid by their parents. Also living at home with parents makes bills appear as some fictional scary story. The most a students usually pays for is a car to drive, and a few other luxuries. The parents pay for the water left dripping, the gas burnt by the stove, and the power consumed by the light left on. Students living at home will never even notice any of these expenses. In contrast students living far from home have to pay all those things on their own with a monthly amount of money. Unlike students who receive parents’ instruction, students who do not live with their family often lack financial managing skills. As a result, they often spend money on unnecessary items and cope with running out of money. Another difference is the emotional aspect that you have to face. Living at home can result less frustrating than living alone because you can share the problems that you have with your parents, siblings or any member of your family in order to look for some solutions to difficult situations that you may face. In contrast, if you live away from home most of the time you are going to be alone, so finding someone who wants to listen your problems can be difficult to get. Your friends are going to be the only people that might help you to solve your problems. However, they are not your relatives and sometimes they are not going to be with you. The fourth difference between living at home and away from home is the environmental issue. Life at home is secure and well known. Furthermore, home is where one has lived their entire life and they are well adapted to the surroundings. On the other hand, the new home can be in a complete different neighborhood or city. Also, it’s not always similar to the home people are used to since the new house is usually smaller, less fancier, and it’s usually located in a less attractive neighborhood than the parents’ home. While the students who choose to leave home may think that it’s not a big deal to confront a decrease in their living status, those that choose to stay home might think that the difference in the environment is a major drawback. Finally, the other obvious difference is that living far from home provides students more independence than living at home. It goes without saying that parents want to take good care of children by setting a wide range of rules for them. Moreover, when you have an important meeting and it is impossible for you get home, you can stay at a friend’s house without problems. Consequently, students living with family have to ask for their parents’ permission if they want to go out or invite friends to their homes. Additionally, parents also control their time spent on using computer and TV. In contrast, students living without parents’ control have more privacy ecause they do not have to obey the strict rules. They can go out whenever they want and freely gather with their friends. Thanks to independent life, they can flexibly spend time on learning, surfing websites or playing games without any complaints. In general, though living at home and living far away from home have some considerable differences, each type has its own advantages and disadvantages to students, and at some moment in life you have to decide between staying at home with your parents as you have always done or starting a new life alone that means being independent. At the moment that you want to make a choice between these two styles of life. You should know that living at home and living away from home has some similarities and some differences that you have to consider before making a decision. Therefore, no matter what kinds of living students choose, they can still enjoy their wonderful life at college.

Data Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Project - Essay Example The Figure 2 shows the outliers of the mean is 180390 as it falls away from the normal curve as shown in Figure one; this is determined by 1.5*IQR on the whisker plot. The mean annual salary in the US is $97486. Table 1 shows that the arithmetic mean of annual wage is $97486 with a sample population size N =61, the measure of dispersion of the data SD = 23362; the variation indicates the dispersion figure from the mean. The Range = 123270 shows the difference in salaries scales between the maximum or the highest earning manager and the minimum or the lowest earning manager. The Skewness = 1.04 shows that the data is skewed to the right with Leptokurtic distribution as Kurtosis = 3.75, this shows that the values are concentrated to the mean. Table 2 shows the minimum wage of 57120 and a max of 180390, the values shows a measure of viability of IQR = 26270 and a range of 123270. The measure of central tendency is well measured using median = 99660. I preferred the use of 5-number summary because it gives me an easier way to visualize the central tendency of the data. The US salaries in top senior management of C-Level and top managers has a great variation between the lowest paid and the highest paid. The Average wage is 97 $97000 with most managers earning approximately the same figure with measure of central tendency indicating the same. There is a outliers earnings that are way above the normal earnings. The statistical package Minitab made me learn how to manipulate the data more easily with more capabilities of giving us more accurate answers, clear graphs and

Toy Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Toy Industry - Case Study Example Therefore, the timing TRU chose to try to enter Japanese market was an advantage. The first reason is because they realized the changing political direction in Japanese retail sector and could achieve a first mover advantage if and when the laws are changed. Another advantage TRU recognized was the changing shopping demands in Japanese culture. The change in the culture stems from a higher disposable income, more education and free time. This results in more Japanese traveling over seas and exposure to global or international products, stores and culture. The new trend moved towards price consciousness and low prices with preference to specialty retailers with large selections. This is an advantage because TRU strategy is based upon price, selection and keeping stores in stock (case). Thus the changing Japanese shopping culture and political climate favored TRU's expansion into the market. When trying to enter the Japanese market TRU faced major obstacles in the forms f government regulations and business customs. As mentioned earlier the "big store laws" prohibited large foreign (even domestic) companies from operating in Japan without consent from local store owners in the area. TRU overcame these obstacles by using strategic contacts that helped put pressure on MITI (Ministry f International Trade and Industry) to revise the current laws. From the help f US lobbyist and government, mainly US trade representatives, Den Fujita, president f McDonalds Japan, and the for-mentioned opposition from the political climate, discussions were held addressing the issues in the Structural Impediments Initiatives in 1989. Through TRU strategic contacts' pressure, negotiations were reached that allowed favorability for TRU's market entry (case). Other contacts TRU utilized to enter the Japanese market are Nintendo and McDonalds. Nintendo, a large toy manufacturer, and TRU have an established long term business relationship that served as an advantage when Japanese suppliers refused to sell directly to TRU. Because Nintendo publicly announced they will directly supply TRU, other manufacturers began to follow Nintendo. McDonalds Japan was also a critical factor in TRU's market entry. Briefly, the partnership between the companies allowed valuable transfers f re-sources including market research, network connections and the knowledge f business practices in Japan. The formation f MTB Rengo group which comprises f TRU, McDonalds and Blockbuster also helps to maximize consumer traffic by building mini-malls with large parking lots that have in essence, one stop shopping convenience (Alexander 2004). "More families visit McDonalds in Japan than any other business and we look forward to working with them to effectively leverage this incredible traffic (www.toysrus.com)." McDonalds's will be further examined in the following section. Established, Experienced, and Adaptable Having already established their international presence, TRU has valuable experience in the foreign market and are able to adapt to its demands. This

American Government assignment three Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Government assignment three - Essay Example 205). Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the media exposure given to politicians is the negative advertisement used in negative campaigning. While this form of publicity – highlighting the negative aspects of an opposition candidate rather than merely proposing positive principles and intentions – is unacceptable to some, and even considered immoral, it has become very much a part of the political landscape. It is also not only restricted to the mainstream: Party websites, blogs, public video platforms, even social networking sites were all used in the latest American Presidential elections. Since newsworthy events rely on conflict, it is so that the more negative aspects of campaigning and the candidates’ actions and histories are published more readily. While the coverage of the President is perhaps generally more circumspect (Gitelson, Dudley, and Dubnick, publication date: pp. 265-269) politicians campaigning for office cannot escape the negative news that may emerge from the media. Given the freedom of the press and the freedom of speech that are such cornerstones of the US Constitution, it must be asserted that while negative advertising is perhaps not tasteful or even valuable in gaining votes, it should not be regulated or prevented. Political life is public, and the people who enter it should be able to stand up to public scrutiny on all

GLOBAL IMMIGRATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GLOBAL IMMIGRATION - Essay Example Russian Federation is the largest in area country in the world. It contains a lot of regions populated by people from different cultures and ethnicities. Though the country doesn’t set itself up as the liberal one and doesn’t really welcome different cultures. Vice versa the National Immigration Service works hard to fight with illegal immigrants as immigration situation in modern Russia is complicated and causes a lot of problems for society. The problem started to appear in 1990’s when the USSR collapsed and Russian people became free to immigrate to other countries, as they hadn’t had that opportunity in Soviet Union; in addition, a lot of Russians who in soviet times were forced to leave certain territories like North Caucasus came back to their motherlands. Another factor of the depopulation was the high level of mortality and weak health care system. So the post-Soviet Russia started suffering from population crisis (Anderson 437). However, the Russi an borders also became open for several ethnicities who were evicted from their native lands that were parts of soviet territory. Since the collapse of Soviet Union Russian Federation has become one of the most powerful states in the world and definitely it made Russia attractive for immigrants, so it is â€Å"the world’s second largest immigration heaven† (Malinkin n.pag.) nowadays. In American society Russia isn’t considered to be the country where people usually strive to move. This fact became obvious when in his recent interview the President Obama stated that â€Å"immigrants aren’t rushing to Moscow in search of opportunity† (Malinkin n.pag.) and he was mistaken, as they really are rushing to Moscow in great numbers. The strange fact of high immigration rate makes people wonder what are the reasons for people to strive to the country which economy is rather instable and the level of life is not that much higher than theirs. According

Principles of the Effective Marketing Services in the US Essay

Principles of the Effective Marketing Services in the US - Essay Example Marketing team aids the management to identify and fill the gaps in various steps, improve organizational strengths, and work on the weakness to eliminate them thereby positioning us to take a real advantage of opportunities and equip Medi-stim with the methods to defend against potential risks. Effective marketing services will add to Medi-stim’s success by inducing better returns for the hospitals, growing the client base, expanding the market share in the Americas and increase the hospital/patient satisfaction rates all of them would turn out to have a positive impact on bottom-line of Medi-stim USA’s revenue. In a nutshell, the need is for a brilliant team which can foster new ideas based on the market condition, steer a constructive debate with the management to facilitate the sale and lastly invokes inclusive actions from the management to facilitate all-round growth in market share. The Return on Investment in $, the network and also goodwill is discussed in this report. Numbers derived in this report are hypothetically forecasted based on q4 2009 results. Medi-stim is a 30 MNOK company which has marked its presence in the field of cardiovascular surgery with its intra-operative quality control equipment. The company has made its presence felt in Europe with divisions in Norway and Germany, in Asia and in the Americas with sales operation headed from Minneapolis. Americas are its second largest market with around 20% of the total sales. This paper gives a thought into the need of a marketing team to aid the sales team in the USA. Various reasons supporting the school of thought is put forward with appropriate example. The paper closes with a recommendation to the board of directors of Medi-stim to have a high-quality marketing team and initiate the process for further study.

The Role and Function of Stock Market Research Paper

The Role and Function of Stock Market - Research Paper Example Therefore, the illegal influence of counterparty on the transaction is eliminated to an investment whether invested by an investor or corporation. The smooth execution of stock markets activities not only helps profitable development at lower costs but also project the production of industry as well as employment. Moreover, the inoperative deposits with banks are used for cultivation of various economic sectors such as agriculture, commerce and trade. Thus, by playing its vital role in promoting economic system, its also increases the societal prosperity in the state. Generally the stock markets consist of board of directors, chief executive officer (CEO), deputy chief executive officer (DCEO) and heads and staff of departments and sections. The general administrative structure of stock markets is as follows: (iii) It also suggests most suitable solutions to business problems and prepares trading announcements. Moreover, it is responsible to ensure that these reports must reach to the concerned parties, trading system operators and conducts the required investigation to license them to function. It is a sub-market of the London Stock Market. ... Moreover, it is responsible to ensure that these reports must reach to the concerned parties, trading system operators and conducts the required investigation to license them to function. (iv) It takes actions on the execution of the applicable listing instructions by security issuers. (b) Surveillance and Inspection Department. This Department undertakes the following tasks: (i) Executed trading operations are surveiled on the stock markets to ensure their agreement with valid legislations. (ii) It scrutinizes members of stock exchange and registers them to ensure their conformity with rules and regulations of the market. (iii) It receives, examines and recommends appropriate solutions to investors' complaints. (c) Legal Department. Role and task of this department is as follows: (i) This department issues legal procedures and advices to all sections of stock market regarding outgoing and incoming correspondence. (ii) All the agreements and contracts are reviewed by this department. (iii) It acts upon court decisions passed related to securities. Also it follows up the cases raised by stock market or against it. (d) Research and International Relations Department. This Department has the following tasks: (i) It collects the data and information from various departments of the stock market regarding economic and financial studies and then research on it to conclude statistical facts and figures (ii) It prepares official press releases and computes indexes. (iii) For the public awareness, this department arranges conferences, visits and training workshops. (e) IT Department. This Department does the following tasks: (i) IT department is responsible for the protection, maintenance and updating of software and hardware systems

Presidential and Parliamentary Systems of Government Essay Example for Free

Presidential and Parliamentary Systems of Government Essay Introduction and Main Distinguishing Features of Both Systems: A presidential system of government is one in which there is a head of government, i.e. the executive branch, who is separate from the legislature and is not accountable to it. Generally, the legislature does not hold power to dismiss the executive. This system can be traced back to the monarchal system in the medieval ages which countries such as France, England and Scotland followed where the Crown held all executive powers and not the parliament. When the office of the President of the United States was created, this system of separate powers of the executive and legislature was replicated in the U.S. Constitution. In contrast, a parliamentary system is different from the above because its executive branch of government needs the direct or indirect backing of the parliament to stay in power, which is generally expressed through a vote of confidence. However, the mechanism of checks and balances is different from one found in a presidential republic because there is no distinct separation of powers between the legislature and the executive. In parliamentary systems, the head of government and the head of state are distinct entities, where the former is the prime minister and the latter is an elected president or a hereditary monarch. The U.K. follows a parliamentary form of government, where the prime minister and the cabinet govern using their executive power on a daily basis, but actual authority is held with the head of state.[1] In distinguishing between presidential and parliamentary systems, three points must be considered. First, in a presidential system the head of government (the president) is elected for a fixed term and will serve this unless there is the unusual and exceptional process of impeachment, whereas in a parliamentary system the head of government (prime minister or equivalent) is dependent on the confidence of the legislature and thus can be removed (along with the whole government) by a motion of no-confidence. Second, in a presidential system the head of government (the president) is popularly elected, if not literally directly by the voters then by an electoral college popularly elected expressly for this purpose, whereas in a parliamentary system the head of government (prime minister or equivalent) is selected by the legislature. Third, in a presidential system there is effectively a one-person non-collegial executive, whereas in a parliamentary system the executive (i.e., the cabinet) is collective or collegial.[2] For his part, Sartori like Lijphart, makes three basic points in that ‘a political system is presidential if, and only if, the head of state (president) i) results from popular election, ii) during his or her pre-established tenure cannot be discharged by a parliamentary vote, and iii) heads or otherwise directs the governments that he or she appoints’. There are two distinctions between Lijphart and Sartori worth noting here. First of all, Lijphart refers to the president as the head of government whereas Sartori refers to him or her as the head of state. Second and related, Sartori conceives of the government as being broader than the individual president. As such, Sartori rejects as too narrow the notion ‘that the head of state must also be the head of government’ in favor of a looser notion that authority flows from the president down – perhaps via a separate head of government.[3] Mainwaring attributes two distinguishing features to a presidential democracy. First, the head of government is elected independently of the legislature in the sense that legislative elections and post-election negotiations do not determine executive power. In countries where the chief executive is selected by the legislature, not as a second alternative when the popular vote does not produce a clear winner but as the fundamental process, the system is either parliamentary (the vast majority of cases) or a hybrid (as in Switzerland). Post-election negotiations that determine which parties will govern and which will head the government are crucial in many parliamentary regimes, but they are not part of the selection process of chief executives in presidential systems. The chief executive in a presidential democracy is usually elected by popular vote, although some countries, notably the United States, have an electoral college rather than direct popular elections. Even so, in the United States, the popular vote has a virtually binding effect on Electoral College votes. In other presidential systems, including those in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile (before 1973), the congress votes for a president if there is no absolute majority in the popular vote. Yet the popular vote is the first criterion, and in Argentina and Chile, tradition has dictated that congress will select the candidate with the most popular votes. Note that it must be the head of government-not simply the president-who is elected by popular vote or an electoral college. In Austria, Iceland, and Ireland, the president is elected by direct popular vote but has only minor powers and is therefore not the head of government.[4] The second distinguishing feature of presidential democracies is that the president is elected for a fixed period of time. Most presidential democracies allow for impeachment, but this practice is rare and does not substantially affect the definition because of its extraordinary character. The president cannot be forced to resign because of a no-confidence vote by the legislature, and consequently, the president is not formally accountable to congress. In a parliamentary system, in contrast, the head of government is elected by the legislature and subsequently depends on the ongoing confidence of the legislature to remain in office; thus the time period is not fixed.[5] Implications for Policy Making and Democracy: Whether a regime is parliamentary or presidential has a major impact on significant aspects of political life: how executive power is formed, relationships between the legislative and the executive branches, relationships between the executive and the political parties, the nature of the political parties, what happens when the executive loses support, and arguably even prospects for stable democracy and patterns of domination. The proponents of presidential claim that presidential systems claim that such systems ensure that the presidents power is a legitimate one because the president if, in most cases, elected directly by the people. The United States follows a different system in which the president is elected by an electoral college but is still considered to be popularly elected. Parliamentary executives can not claim to be elected via a direct vote of the people. Separation of powers is another benefit which the presidential system provides because it established the executive branch and the legislative as two distinct structures which allows each body to supervise and oversee the other and prevents abuse of the system. In a parliamentary system, the executive is not separate from the legislature, reducing the chances of criticism or scrutiny, unless a formal condemnation in the form of a vote of no confidence takes place. Hence, in a parliamentary system, a prime ministers unethical deeds or instances of misconduct might never be discovered as Woodrow Wyatt (former British Member of Parliament) said while writing about the famous Watergate scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon, dont think a Watergate couldnt happen here, you just wouldnt hear about it.[6] In a parliamentary system, even though the option of a vote of no confidence is available, it is an option resorted to only in extreme cases. It is considered extremely difficult to influence or stop a prime minister or cabinet who has already decided to pass legislation or implement measures. Voting against important legislation is tantamount to a vote of no confidence, as a consequence of which the government is changed after holding of elections. This is a very tedious process because of which it is a rare occurrence in some parliamentary countries. Britain for example has only rarely undergone such a situation. Therefore, it is often believed that in a parliamentary system, because of the lack of separation of powers, the Parliament can not actually exercise any real control over the executive. However, there can be a downside to separation of powers. Presidential systems can lead to a situations where the President and Congress both evade blame by passing it to the other. In the words of former Treasury Secretary C. Douglas Dillon as he described the United States, The president blames Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington.[7] Woodrow Wilson agreed in his thesis, Congressional Government in the United States, as he said, †¦how is the schoolmaster, the nation, to know which boy needs the whipping? . . . Power and strict accountability for its use are the essential constituents of good government. . . . It is, therefore, manifestly a radical defect in our federal system that it parcels out power and confuses responsibility as it does. The main purpose of the Convention of 1787 seems to have been to accomplish this grievous mistake. The `literary theory of checks and balances is simply a consistent account of what our constitution makers tried to do; and those checks and balances have proved mischievous just to the extent which they have succeeded in establishing themselves . . . [the Framers] would be the first to admit that the only fruit of dividing power had been to make it irresponsible.[8] Separation of Powers has mixed implications. It can lead to gridlock, i.e. when it becomes next to impossible to pass items on the partys agenda because the legislature is almost equally divided, usually an occurrence in the U.S. when the Senate and House of Representatives are dominated by opposing parties. However, the upside to gridlock is that it often prevents radical policy changes. Another problem with the presidential system is that while it is inherently stable because the president is elected for a fixed term, this also compounds the issue of the presidency being a zero-sum game, where winner takes all. As Linz (1990, 56) states, The danger that zero-sum presidential elections pose is compounded by the rigidity of the presidents fixed term in office. Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of the presidential mandate†¦losers must wait four or five years without any access to executive power and patronage. The zero-sum game in presidential regimes raises the stakes of presidential elections and inevitably exacerbates their attendant tension and polarization. Parliamentary elections can also lead to one party winning an absolute majority, in most scenarios a number of parties gain representation through these elections. Power is often shared and coalitions are formed, as a consequence of which the position holders give due weight to the needs and interests of smaller parties. In turn, these parties expect a certain share in power and as is obvious, are stakeholders in the overall system, instead of non-entities. Now if, as is the case in presidential systems, one sole person believes that he has independent authority and a popular mandate, he might start to develop a tendency towards authoritarianism. When he develops such notions about his standing and role, he will not react appropriately to the inevitable opposition to his policies, finding it annoying and unsettling, as would a prime minister who considers himself a mere representative of a temporary governing coalition and not the sole voice of the nation. Hence the examples of Venezuela and Colombia, where when democracy was reestablished in times of great political instability, and when the written constitutions warranted a presidential government, the leaders of chief political parties opted for consociational agreements whereby the rigid, winner-take-all consequences of presidential elections were softened.[9] While stability is often touted as one of the prime advantages of the presidential system, it is simply another word for rigidity. On the other hand, parliamentarism lends a certain element of flexibility to the political process. Advocates of presidentialism might reply that this rigidity is actually a plus because it prevents the uncertainty and instability so definitive of parliamentary politics. Under parliamentary government, after all, a number of entities, even rank-and-file legislators, can choose to adopt basic changes, cause realignments and shifts, and, most importantly, make or break prime ministers. But it must be remembered that while the need for authority and predictability might serve as justifications for presidentialism, there can be a myriad of unexpected developments- anything from the death of the incumbent to serious errors in judgment committed under the pressure of adverse political circumstances – that often lead to the presidential rule being less predictable and often weaker than that of a prime minister. The latter can always make efforts to bolster up his legitimacy and authority, be it through a vote of confidence or the dissolution of parliament and the consequential new elections. Also, a prime minister can be changed without it necessarily leading to a major regime crisis.[10] Conclusion: The above analysis has largely favored a parliamentary system over a presidential one. However, one must remember that success regimes, regardless of the amount of thought and care gone into their design, are determined by the extent of support they manage to arrest from society at large, its major forces, groups and institution. Public consensus therefore is a basic need, which confers legitimacy to the authority of the regime, and this is achieved only by the power which is attained lawfully and in a democratic fashion. Regimes also depend to a large extent on the ability and aptitude of their leaders to govern, to arouse trust and to respect the boundaries of the power they hold. Every country has unique aspects that one must take into account-traditions of federalism, ethnic or cultural heterogeneity, and so on. Both systems have their pros and cons, even parliamentary systems can suffer grave crises. Hence, countries must consider their own individual past, present and future, in order to determine which system has the greater probability of success. References Hardin, Charles. 1989. A Challenge to Political Science. PS: Political Science and Politics 22(3): 595-600. Lijphart, Arend, ed. 1992. Introduction in A. Lijphart (ed.), Parliamentary versus presidential government. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Linz, Juan. 1990. The Perils of Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy (Winter): 51-69. Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew. 1997. Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal. Comparative Politics 29(4): 449-471. Mainwaring, Scott. 1990. Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American Research Review 25(1):157-179. Sartori, Giovanni. 1994. Neither presidentialism nor parliamentarism, in J.J. Linz A. Valenzuela (eds.), The failure of presidential democracy, vol. 1: Comparative perspectives. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Thomas, Jo. Oct. 9 1988. The fate of two nations. The New York Times. Wilson, Woodrow. 1886. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. The New Englander 45(192). [1] Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew. 1997. Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal. Comparative Politics 29(4): 449-471. [2] Lijphart, Arend, ed. 1992. Introduction in A. Lijphart (ed.), Parliamentary versus presidential government. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [3] Sartori, Giovanni. 1994. Neither presidentialism nor parliamentarism, in J.J. Linz A. Valenzuela (eds.), The failure of presidential democracy, vol. 1: Comparative perspectives. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. [4] Mainwaring, Scott. 1990. Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American Research Review 25(1):157-179. [5] Linz, Juan. 1990. The Perils of Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy (Winter): 51-69 [6] Thomas, Jo. Oct. 9 1988. The fate of two nations. The New York Times. [7] Hardin, Charles. 1989. A Challenge to Political Science. PS: Political Science and Politics 22(3): 595-600. [8] Wilson, Woodrow. 1886. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. The New Englander 45(192). [9] Linz, Juan. 1990. [10]   Linz, Juan. 1990.

The controversal breed of dog The Pit Bull Essay Example for Free

The controversal breed of dog The Pit Bull Essay The American Staffordshire Terrier (also known as Pit Bull) is believed to be a man-eating beast. But is this breed all its made out to be? The Pit Bull started in the Unites States; it has been developed since the early 1800s as a result of crosses between the bulldogs of that time and game terriers. Although the early ancestors of this breed came from England, the development of the American Staffordshire Terrier is the story of a truly American breed. This type of dog was instrumental in the success of farmers and settlers who developed this country. They were used for general farm work, hunting wild pigs, bears, and other large game, guarding the homestead, and general companionship. A number of the early ancestors were also developed for the sport of dog fighting. The extraordinary vitality of this breed is a direct result of breeding for successful fighting dogs. This now illegal activity is, unfortunately, more often cited as the early purpose of the dogs rather than the general farm work. Although ancestors of the American Staffordshire were fighting dogs, the selective breeding since the 1930s has been away from the fighting heritage. The American Staffordshire Terrier of today is a companion and show dog, rather than a gladiator. Although more rarely used on the farm now, the talents that made him a good all-purpose dog are still to be found in the breed. Later on, In the early 1900s people began to fight dog against dog in a pit, or dog against bull in a pit which is why the dog was later named the Pit Bull. Unfortunately in todays society there have been many cases of over breeding for this dog which has created temperament problems in their bloodlines, leading to inconsistent behavior. Pit Bulls over bred today are usually used to fight illegally in run down urban areas or are kept outside and are used to guard junkyards, peoples houses or private property. The over breeding of these dogs led to people housing them that were not qualified to handle this breed. Though they do not get overly large they have a body mass that can weigh up to 90 pounds, and a lockjaw with 800 pounds of pressure. These dogs are very smart, but require a lot of care and  attention. The Pit Bull will also learn to imitate the behavior of its owner. People who neglect these dogs or use aggressive force to train them will often have an aggressive dog likely to turn and attack. When kept in safe living conditions and trained properly these dogs are excellent family pets with a natural guard dog instinct to protect its family. Many of the dog attacks to take place in the past 10 years have been by Pit Bulls, but what about 10 years before that when the feared breed was the Doberman Pinscher. Now Dobermans are recognized as an extraordinary breed while the Pit Bull has now gained the reputation of Man eater. To stop the over breeding, inbreeding and sales to unfit owners, it is encouraged to buy your American Staffordshire Terrier from a registered and reputable breeder. It is also advised to see the papers and bloodlines to the parents to make sure they have been Temperament Tested (TT). When a responsible owner goes to these lengths to get a pedigree Pit Bull, they will end up with a companion for life that will be loyal and protect your every step. American Staffordshire Terriers tend to take to their main owner the most. They will follow them everywhere and protect them against danger at all times. Though very gentle, if the Pit Bull senses that their owner is in danger or at risk, they will put their own lives at stake for the well being and safety of their family. For the past 3 years precautions have been taken to ward off Pit Bulls becoming turned into attack dogs and the number of Pit Bull attacks have decreased. Now, because of the ever growing popularity of Labrador and Golden Retrievers, their inbreeding have caused these examples of Mans Best Friend to attack as well. So before you judge every Pit Bull that you see please be aware that a majority of the time it is the inability of the owner, and not the aggressiveness of the dog. Any dog can attack if not properly bred or cared for!

Mission And Goals Of Marks And Spencer Commerce Essay

Mission And Goals Of Marks And Spencer Commerce Essay MS has been acknowledged as a legendary UK retailing organization and therefore they are exemplars of best practice in society. MS in a western world is a managerial giant (Drucker, 1974). It has been identified as one of the best managed companies in Europe (Tse, 1985). MS corporate objectives are laid down in its Mission statement which is Making aspirational quality accessible to all and this is the base which tells us what the business and what it should be in the future. In its mission statement the MS outlined clothing and food business as its core business but financial objectives such as shareholder wealth maximisation is also taken into account as this helps in occupying more market share and so increased its sales. MS have a strong tradition of corporate social responsibility as they want it to be integrated into all their operations at every level. There are three main generic strategies that can be adopted by any company including MS where the customers are ready to pay a premium and this can be achieved by differentiating its product and services in such manner that it is valued by the customers. Therefore MS has adopted focussed differentiation strategy in food and clothing industry but its market share is relative low with low industry growth whereas Financial services industry growth output is very high but MS market share in it is very low and which demands substantial capital investment in the market to turn them into Stars according to BCG Matrix. MS targets mostly the age of 30 plus with high disposable income to spend like executive class and they value them and therefore many of its products are highly priced though high quality is maintained. Although MS, Clarks, Faith and Office are in a high quality segment where others like Top shop and River Island ends as a medium priced segment but these can be outweighed in fashion market of shoes and clothes and because of all these variations in Individual styles and spending habits, MS must plan for an idea which counteracts the risks around its strategic choices because there are various risks in terms of focus strategies in that imitation and changes in the target market and due to this it makes an easy entry of foreign player which is broad market cost leader that can easily adopt MS products in order to compete directly and gaining the market share hence therefore to tackle and survive in the cut throat competition of super markets where Giants as Asda, Tesco and Sainsbury, they need to have a contingency plan and bend their strategies in terms of focussed differentiation and adopt cost leadership. In recent years MS has started corporate social responsibility as an effective tool to increase awareness among different generations to differentiate them from their competitors and this is possible with proper drive for innovation across all its Strategic business units(SBU) where they have to generate strategies at SBU level. This has been done continuously by MS now such as Sustainable fishing, organic colouring of clothes, salt reduction, animal welfare and fair-trade. The strategy process which has started in 2006 when labelling has been done as a part of an integrated communication drive to state their position on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and this was the first time since its origin that MS have involved its stakeholders on such a scale and this CSR issue has been promoted through national advertising, in-store dà ©cor, MS website and the main communication channel among its employees. They provide a huge range of clothing, food, home and beauty products that are established through longstanding core values quality and service, through innovation, value and trust. The trust we are talking about is the bond between the company and its customers, its employees and shareholders and this trust was integrated among all to achieve success for the business. The management team confirmed it once again that the companys promise to its core values and aggressively used CSR is an integral part of refining and improving commercial performance and customer loyalty. (Paul Myners, Chairman and Stuart Rose, Chief Executive, 2004) In conclusion each business unit known as (SBU) Strategy Business units of MS needs to develop a its own CSR strategy that helps that specific unit to measure and tackle its risks and opportunities that may rise from its market position, its customer base, its product range and quality and its supply chain which is of utmost importance. For example MS has identified sixteen separate core issues relates to their business which comprises of health, labor standards, packaging, fair-trade etc. and through strategic intent they are able to develop clear strategy and position on each issue. MS Culture The culture of any company plays an important role and so for Marks and Spencer as culture is all about people and the way in which they interact with each other in the organisation and that is crucial for the company while making their decisions. MS should have positive culture which may influence the decision making process that can help to achieve excellence in their business and it is possible only when both management and its employees work together and thinks the same. In simple words culture in any organisation is the way the things are done to achieve business goals and objectives. MS culture (Their way of doing things) since it originated: MS were heavily dependent on British suppliers and thus not strived for cheaper buying from overseas market. MS have a centralized system of buying from the central office which is an old formula and incurs cost heavily as movement of goods increases. The store managers of MS followed central direction on store design and layout, training and development, merchandising and so on which makes the store identical where local discretion is limited. The managers were restrained to respond to the local needs of the customers as there were severe restrictions. MSs organization structure can be categorized as reflection which is taken for granted fashion and this type of attitude is shared among the members of the organization. The societal beliefs and basic assumptions operate among the members automatically. These basic assumptions and taken for granted fashion have taken MS roots from the basis of the organisational success. The rationale behind a particular manner in which people act and the reasons behind the action is not dependent on the blend of objective and subjective factors, but in a complex network of meanings as created and understood by the participants (Schutz, 1964). Its very important that employees act accordingly therefore at the end organisations do not react to their environment, its their members react due to changes in the environment within and outside the organization. The culture that originates out of MS is a customer specific or customer driven. This type of culture can be said when everyone in the business makes a deliberate but real effort whether the management or its employees to improve customer service. This can be achieved when good market research has been conducted, employing right people and giving them proper training and updated e-commerce technology is used. MS culture is dynamic and regards changes as opportunity and not as a threat and they are doing this because they are always looking for new ideas at any stage and this is where all employees and management are involved together to make it successful and achieve its goals and objectives. The People may act in terms of their own when facing any problem in work without regarding the observers explanation of the situation and thats why its very difficult to handle situations related to culture which is composed of management and employees (Silvermans, 1970). The key feature for sustainability in any organization is to change dynamically and evolve continuously to conquer with its environment in which it operates but this has not been done by MS and the firms failure in terms of its culture in words of Mr. Richard Greenbury, M S Chief executive from 1991, I think that the simple answer is that we followed absolutely and totally the principles of the business. I was the business with the aid of my colleagues based upon the very long-lasting and recognized ways of running it. (Johnson Scholes, 2001. Most of the researchers and analyst have found that MS had remained for the longer period with their traditional risk averseness formula then it was needed. MS can be concluded on the note that its organizational culture has led to failure in nurturing the dynamic nature of the organizations which has eventually led towards the fall of MS since the late 1990s. This effect of huge inequality between the organizations standard and their erratic environment is due to the changes in the Organizational culture. In present scenario MS is trying to hold the competitive nature of the business and trying its best to get back on the track and therefore they have no fear in implanting new strategies and new strategic approaches are being adopted and implemented to fasten the recovery of the business. References: Drucker, P. F. (1974). Management: Tasks Responsibilities Practices. Heinemann, London. Tse, K. K. (1985). Marks and Spencer Anatomy of Britains most efficiently managed company. Pergamon, Oxford. Johnson Scholes 2002 Strategic Management, Exploring Corporate Strategy Text Cases 6th Edition. Schutz 1964, Phenomenology, [Online], 4/12/05, Available from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schutz/

Single Slit Diffraction Pattern of Light :: Mathematics Math

Missing Figures SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF LIGHT The diffraction pattern observed with light and a small slit comes up in about every high school and first year university general physics class. The intention of this paper is to explain this pattern at the academic level mentioned above. Light is interesting and mysterious because it consists of both a beam of particles, and of waves in motion. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY: All carriers of energy and momentum, such as light and electrons, propagate like a wave and exchange energy like a particle. It wasn't until the 19th century that convincing evidence was found showing that light behaves like waves. Before reading on, you may wish to review some wave terminology. The key to understanding why light behaves like waves is in INTERFERENCE and DIFFRACTION. Interference and Diffraction are the phenomena that distinguish waves from particles: waves interfere and diffract, particles do not. Light bends around obstacles like waves do, and it is this bending which causes the single slit diffraction pattern. Some assumptions must be made for this description of the single slit diffraction pattern: * The slit size is small, relative to the wavelength of light. * The screen is far away. * Cylindrical waves can be represented in 2D diagrams as cicular waves. * The intensity at any point on the screen is independent of the angle made between the ray to the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen (this angle is called T below). This is possible because the slit is narrow. point1 Consider a slit of width a, light of wavelength l, and a smaller than l. When the light encounters the slit, the pattern of the resulting wave can be calculated by treating each point in the aperature as a point source from which new waves spread out. pointb Let L represent the distance between the slit and the screen. Let T represent the angle between the wave ray to a point on the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen. point2 The top part of the figure to the left is an imitation of a single slit diffraction pattern which may be observed on the screen (there would really be more blending between the bright and dark bands, see a real diffraction pattern at the top of this page). Below the pattern is an intensity bar graph showing the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern as a function of sin T. Single Slit Diffraction Pattern of Light :: Mathematics Math Missing Figures SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF LIGHT The diffraction pattern observed with light and a small slit comes up in about every high school and first year university general physics class. The intention of this paper is to explain this pattern at the academic level mentioned above. Light is interesting and mysterious because it consists of both a beam of particles, and of waves in motion. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY: All carriers of energy and momentum, such as light and electrons, propagate like a wave and exchange energy like a particle. It wasn't until the 19th century that convincing evidence was found showing that light behaves like waves. Before reading on, you may wish to review some wave terminology. The key to understanding why light behaves like waves is in INTERFERENCE and DIFFRACTION. Interference and Diffraction are the phenomena that distinguish waves from particles: waves interfere and diffract, particles do not. Light bends around obstacles like waves do, and it is this bending which causes the single slit diffraction pattern. Some assumptions must be made for this description of the single slit diffraction pattern: * The slit size is small, relative to the wavelength of light. * The screen is far away. * Cylindrical waves can be represented in 2D diagrams as cicular waves. * The intensity at any point on the screen is independent of the angle made between the ray to the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen (this angle is called T below). This is possible because the slit is narrow. point1 Consider a slit of width a, light of wavelength l, and a smaller than l. When the light encounters the slit, the pattern of the resulting wave can be calculated by treating each point in the aperature as a point source from which new waves spread out. pointb Let L represent the distance between the slit and the screen. Let T represent the angle between the wave ray to a point on the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen. point2 The top part of the figure to the left is an imitation of a single slit diffraction pattern which may be observed on the screen (there would really be more blending between the bright and dark bands, see a real diffraction pattern at the top of this page). Below the pattern is an intensity bar graph showing the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern as a function of sin T.

A Brief Timeline of Black Civil Rights in America Essay -- African-Amer

A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The struggle for equality has been a battle fought for hundreds of years. Documents such as The Declaration of Independence, dating back to 1776, state that all men are created equal, and among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surely we know that in fact all men were not seen as equal because issues such as slavery and white superiority existed as well as discrimination issues that still exist to some extent today. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1865, The 13th Amendment was established which abolished slavery, but did not grant blacks equality. D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government was still extremely biased when meeting to make Amendments. They were quoted as saying â€Å"We hold this to be a government of white people†¦to benefit white people†¦and no Africans can be a U.S. citizen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  E.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though slavery was abolished with the 13th Amendment, issues such as Black Codes and the struggles of the Freedmens Bureau were definitely pres...

Athens V Sparta

The Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta were similar in that they both denied women basic rights, but they are more different because of their culture and political structures. In both city-states, their social structures featured women as minorities. However, their customs and concepts differ tremendously. Generally, Sparta had a very strict military-based state, while Athens focused on the fine arts. Politically, the two city states differed in that Athens had a democracy and Sparta had an oligarchy. Although the city-states had some similarities, they had vast differences.Athens and Sparta were similar when it came to their social structures. Women’s rights and responsibilities were one of the few areas in which they were alike. In Athens, women had many responsibilities at home. It was their job to care for kids and the house. Women also were in charge of taking care of the slaves if they happened to get sick or hurt. Although they couldn’t vote in Athens’ democracy, women could participate in religious festivals. In the city-state of Sparta, women also raised their children and took care of the house.Here, women were allowed to own their own property. All women had the responsibility of managing the estate, supervising the slaves and doing the finances. In Sparta, women had a duty to keep healthy so that they could bear a child that could eventually join the military. Since the women of Athens and Sparta were required to stay at home, the men were able to pursue cultural and military activities. This is extremely important to the cultures of both city-states because it influences how they developed and thrived.As you can see, the city states were very similar when it came to the responsibilities of women and their social structures. Athens and Sparta differed greatly in the way that their governments were set up. Sparta followed an oligarchy. An oligarchy is when the government is ruled by a small group of very powerful people. In S parta, older and more experienced men were chosen to be the leaders. The Council of Elders consisted of thirty men. All of the men in the council were at least sixty years of age or older. Sparta also had an assembly.It consisted of men that were thirty and older. There were five chief officials in Sparta that determined the final decisions made for the city-state. However, the government of Athens was very different. Athens had a democracy. This meant that the government was ruled by the people. They also had an assembly, but theirs consisted of free men that were eighteen years or older. In the democracy, all citizens could vote. Women were not included in the voting process. Athens had a council of five hundred men. These men proposed all of the laws.The democratic government in Athens provided more freedom for its citizens but did not provide the safety that the Spartan government had. It is important to understand that Sparta had an oligarchy because they valued experience over everyone ruling. This is important to understand because Sparta would eventually conquer Athens. Although Athens and Sparta were similar in their social customs, they were very different in the ways that their governments were set up. Athens and Sparta also differed when it came to their cultures.Generally, Sparta was a very strict city-state that focused almost all of its energy on building a strong military. Sparta rejected all outward displays of money and wealth. Spartans also did not spend any money on decorating their city. All boys, at the age of seven, were recruited and sent to a military school. There they learned to read, write, and use weapons. Many wives were required to go long times without seeing their husband and children. Although Athens had a stronger navy, the Athenians spent more time making their city beautiful.In Athens, they used League money to rebuild their city. They spent a lot of time and money to ensure that they pleased the gods by creating statues, b uildings and art. Athens focused on making music and poetry while Sparta did not. This is important because both city-states influenced other states in Greece by providing examples of art and military techniques. Overall, Spartans focused in maintaining a powerful military force while Athenians focused on more artistic causes. The two Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta were similar in that they both had social societies that favored men.Both civilizations didn’t believe women were equal to men as well. On the other hand, their cultures were very different. Sparta had a main goal of a strong military while Athens focused on art and music. Politically, Athens had a democracy and Sparta had an oligarchy. It is important for us to study the similarities and differences between the two city-states because it will enhance our understanding of how Athens was eventually defeated by Sparta. Clearly, Sparta and Athens had more differences than they did attributes in common. Bibliog raphy: Stearns book was used to gather information

History development of accounting principles

Callahan-Babylonian, Assyrian and Sumerian civilizations the producers of the first organized government in the world, and some f the oldest written languages and the oldest surviving business records; the Egyptian civilization – where scribes formed the pivots on which the whole machinery of the treasury and other departments turned; the Chinese civilization – with government accounting playing a key and sophisticated role of the great estate of Apollonian Introduced an elaborate system of responsibility accounting In 256 BC; and the Roman civilization – with laws requiring taxpayers to prepare statements of their balancing positions and with civil rights depending on the level of property declared by the citizens. The presence of these forms of bookkeeping In the ancient world has been attributed to various factors, including the invention of writing, the introduction of Arabic numerals and of the decimal system, the diffusion of knowledge of algebra, the prese nce of inexpensive writing material, the rise of literacy, and the existence of a standard of medium of exchange. The Development of Accounting Principles Various groups in the united States of America (USA), Australia and elsewhere, implementing a mix of approaches, have subjected accounting theory and principles to a constant re-examination and critical analysis.In order to simplify the discussion, four phases of this process may be identified. In the first phase (1900-33), management had complete control over the selection of financial Information disclosed in annual reports; in the second phase (1933-59) and third phase (1959-731 the professional bodies played a significant role in developing principles; and in the fourth phase, which continues to the present, it has become increasingly noticeable that standard-setting bodies such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FAST) in the USA and the Australian Accounting Standards Board in Australia (SAAB) ND various pressure gr oups are moving towards a plasticization of accounting.Management Contribution Phase (1900-33) The influence of management in the formulation of accounting principles arose from the increasing number of shareholders and the dominant economic role played by industrial corporations after 1900. The diffusion of share ownership gave management complete control over the format and content of accounting of ad hoc solutions to urgent problems and controversies. The situation generated dissatisfaction during the asses. Two Americans, William Z. Ripley and J. M. B. Huxley, ere particularly outspoken in arguing for an improvement in standards of financial reporting. Similarly, Adolph A. Berne and Gardener C. Means pointed to corporate wealth and the power of industrial corporations and called for the protection of investors.In the United States, the main players of the time were a professional association of accountants, the American Institute of Accountant (AI), which in 1917 established a B oard of Examiners to create a uniform certified practicing accountant (CPA) examination, and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which from 1900 required all reparations applying for listing to agree to publish annual financial statements. A theoretical and a controversial debate of the period was the question of accounting for interest costs. The Abs's Discussion Memorandum on Accounting for Interest Costs traces the background of the interest as a cost controversy. Another important event of the era was the growing effect, on accounting theory, of taxation of business income.

How to Safeguard the Well-Being of Children and Young People Essay

1.Understand the main legislation guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people 1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people Polices and procedures for safeguarding and child protection in England and Wales are the result of the Children Act 1989 and in Northern Ireland of the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995. The Children Act 2004 introduced further changes to the way the child protection system is structured and organised in England and Wales. Safeguarding~ promoting children’s welfare and putting measures in place to improve children’s safety and prevent abuse. Child protection~ part of the safeguarding process where it is necessary to take action when there is a reasonable belief that a child is at risk of significant harm. Children Act 1989 (England and Wales) Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995 These Acts aimed to simplify the laws that protected children and young people in the respective UK countries. They were seen as a serious shake up of children’s rights and protection and made it clear to all who worked with children what their duties were and how they should work together in the event of allegations of child abuse. England and Wales produced separates- Working Together to Safeguard Children (1999) – which emphasised the responsibilities of professionals towards children who are at risk of harm. Children Act 2004 By 2003 it was clear that services for children were still not working together and protect vulnerable children in our society. This was highlighted by the tragic death of Victoria Climbie at the hands of her carers resulting in an independent inquiry into her death. The Laming report resulted in a green paper, Every Child Matters, which in turn led to the Children Act 2004 in England and similar bills and Acts in all four countries in the UK. The main features of the Act included: ~ the integration of children’s services and the introduction of children’s directors with responsibility for local authority education and children’s social services. ~lead councillors for children’s services with political responsibility for local child welfare ~ the establishment of Local Safeguarding Children’s Boards with statutory powers to ensure that social services, the NHS, education services, the police and other services work together to protect vulnerable children ~a new Common Assessment Framework to assist agencies in identifying welfare needs ~revised arrangements for sharing information Working Together to Safeguard Children 2006 The 2006 revised version of this document provides an update on safeguarding and a national framework to help agencies work individually and together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. It also reflect changes to safeguarding practice in recent years, especially in the light of the Laming and Bichard Inquiries. The Vetting and Barring Scheme The scheme was introduced in October 2009 with the aim of preventing unsuitable people form working with children and vulnerable adults. From July 2010 and phased in over a five-year period, anyone working or volunteering with children of vulnerable adults will be required to register with the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA). The ISA will make decisions to prevent unsuitable people from working with children and vulnerable adults, using a range of information form different sources, including the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB). The CRB will process applications for ISA – registration and continuously monitor individual against and new information, while continuously monitor individuals against any new information, while continuing to provide record and other information to help them make informed recruitment decisions. 1.2 Explain child protection within the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people Safeguarding is about much more than just protecting children form direct abuse. The Staying Safe action plan recognises a number of important aspects in the wider view of safeguarding including: ~ keeping children safe form accidents ~ crime and bullying ~ missing children ~ actively promoting their welfare in a healthy and safe environment 1.3 Analyse how national and local guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding affect day-to-day work with children and young people It is very important that anyone working with children should be able to recognise if a child is at risk of harm of in need because of their vulnerability. The earlier this is recognised, the better outcome for the child involved. All the guidelines are intended to make sure that all the services and agencies involved with children and young people work together to improve safeguarding. Childcare practice Any childcare setting should have clear policies and procedures that cover all aspects of safeguarding. This should include policies and procedures for: ~ health and safety ~ child protection ~ contact with children and performing personal care ~ outings ~ visitors to the setting Risk assessment Risk assessments should be carried out to make sure that there are no safeguarding treats to the children in a setting. Ensuring the voice of the child or young person is heard The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 13) states that all children should have the opportunity to have their voice heard. Article 13 ~ The child shall have the right to freedom of expression, this right shall include to see, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child’s choice ‘. 1.4 Explain when and why inquiries and serious case review are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice Society has a duty to protect children and young people: we have a network of professional organisations supported by legislation, polices and procedures to do this. Serious case reviews are called by the Local Safeguarding Children’s Board when a child dies and abuse or neglect are known or suspected to be a factor in the death. They involve the local authority children’s service and the police, as well as health, education and other agencies as needed. The LSCB also commissions an overview report form an independent person, which analyses the findings of the individual management reports and makes recommendations. Local authorities are required to notify Ofsted of all incidents involving children that are grave enough that they may lead to a serious case review, including where a child has died or suffered significant harm as a result of abuse or neglect, or where concerns are raised about professional practice or have attracted national media attention. Lessons learned form serious case reviews usually include the importance of: ~ sharing information and communication ~ keeping an accurate time line of events ~clear planning roles ~overcoming the problems of hard-to-reach families ~ good assessment of the child’s situation ~early recognition of children in need of protection by mainstream services such as schools or health services ~partnership working with agencies that parents may be receiving services form – for example mental health services A Public inquiry : an official review of events or actions ordered by the government. The report that is produced makes recommendations for improving practice. Laming Inquiry Lord Laming produced a landmark report in 2003 following a public inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie. She died in February 2000 of malnutrition and hypothermia, having suffered horrific abuse at the hands of her great aunt and great aunt boyfriend. A lack of communication between social workers, nurses, doctors and police officers allowed her great-aunt and her lover to torture the little girl to death. Many professionals involved in the case admitted that their workloads were too big while pay and morale were low, and that they did not communicate with one another. The inquiry made a number of key recommendations for improvements to services that led to the Children Act 2004. Bichard Inquiry This inquiry resulted form the murders of two young girls in Suffolk by a school caretaker, who was known as a danger to children by one police authority. The information had not been identified when he had a SRB check of the Independent Safeguarding Authority 1.5 Explain how the processes used by own legislation that covers data protection, information handling and sharing The Data Protection Act 1998 covers personal information about individuals which is held by organisations. They have to keep information in a safe way that ensures other people do not get hold of it. Settings that work with children and young people have the same responsibilities: except that the information they hold is about young people and children who are vulnerable because of their age. The Data Protection Act places responsibilities on organisations holding personal information to: ~ use it only as needed ~keep it secure ~ make sure it’s accurate ~keep it up to date On behalf of children, adults and parents have the right under the Data Protection Act to have information corrected if it is wrong. They also have the right to claim compensation through the courts if an organisation breaches the Act and causes them damage and distress. The Data Protection Act and the Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations also give people the right to stop personal information being used for any sort of direct marketing, such as unwanted junk mail, sales calls, or email and text massages. 2. Understand the importance of working in partnerships with other organisations to safeguard children and young people 2.1 Explain the importance of safeguarding children and young people Far too many children and young people suffer abuse or neglect at the hands of their parents or carers. ~ a significant number of children face repeated serious and multiple forms of abuse at the hands of parents or carers ~abuse is more common in families with drug or alcohol abuse problemsSome children are more at risk that other. Studies into the prevalence of maltreatment among children with disabilities have found that these abuse and neglect than non-disabled children. 2.2 Explain the importance of a child or young person centred approach A key feature of Every Child Matters is that each child is a unique individual who needs support form adults to achieve the best possible outcomes as they grow develop. The aim of Every Child Matters is to give all children the support they need to: ~ be healthy ~stay safeguarding ~enjoy and achieve ~achieve economic well-being All services aimed at children or young people based around individuals – planning to meet their needs, rather than for a whole group. It places children and families at the heart of policy on the basis that children and young people spend only one-fifth of their childhood at school. Because young people learn best with family support, the Children’s Plan covers all areas of children’s lives. 2.3 Explain what is mean by partnership working in the context of safeguarding Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children depends on effective partnership working between agencies and professionals. Each has a different role and area of expertise. The importance of partnership working runs through every aspect of safeguarding form government legislation to local working. The key elements of Every Child Matters: Change for Children are all focused on partnership working at all levels including: ~ the duty to cooperate to promote the well-being of children and young people ~the duty to make arrangements to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people ~the development of statutory Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCBs) ~the appointment of local directors of children’s services to coordinate local government services ~the National Service Framework for children, young people and Maternity Services bringing together all child-related health services ~The Five Outcomes Framework ~ The development of an integrated inspection framework including education, care and health inspections ~the appointment of a Children’s Commissioner ~the development of a Common Assessment Framework to ensure all agencies contribute to an assessment of a child’s needs ~workforce reform to help develop skills and ensure staffing levels Anyone who has contact with a child or young person and has concerns about their welfare has a responsibility to pass that concern to the most appropriate agency. ‘Working Together to Safeguard Children’ (DCSF 2006) clearly sets out how individuals and organisations should work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people. Local communityAgenciesHealth visitor Neighboursor groupsChild heath clinicinvolved in Friendsthe welfareGP Family of a child Hospital PoliceChild minder Social workerNursery or school Leisure groups such as footballAfter school club Swimming, cubs, brownies Key features of effective working ~ a lead person who is responsible for coordinating actions and who acts as the main point of contact for children where more than one practitioner is involved ~ effective sharing of relevant information between agencies and practitioner. 2.4 Describe the roles and responsibilities of the different organisations that may be involved when a child or young person has been abused or harmed When a child or young person has been abused or harmed the first line response will be at the point of the allegation or discovery. ~ Social services have statutory responsibilities to provide support to vulnerable children and families in need.( this may be after a death or when families are finding every day life difficult) ~ Health visitors have a responsibility for the health of babies and young children under five.( they provide support and guidance to the parents of young children and carry out assessments of a child’s development) ~ General Practitioners work in the community – usually form health centres – and are the gateway to other health services. GPs are often the first people to identify possible abuse when a child attends surgery. ~ Probation services support people convicted of some offences to be rehabilitated into the community. ( they have a key role in monitoring people convicted of offences against children and should ensure they do not pose a threat to local children) ~ Police are involved in the criminal proceedings that may result form safeguarding issues. ~ As all children and young people should be in education or training between the ages of 5 -18 years, schools and training organisations are key to identifying and supporting children when they are in need of help. All staff working with children and young people should be trained in safeguarding and child protection. ~ Child psychology services will often be needed to support children who have experienced abuse or harm. ~ The NSPCC is a voluntary organisation – a national charity working to eradicate child abuse. 3. Understand the importance of ensuring children and young people’s safety and protection in the work setting 3.1 Explain why is important to ensure children and young people are protected form harm within the work setting Duty to care is a legal obligation that you all have. Professionals working in registered early years settings are expected to maintain a set of standards that reflect the government’s aim of improving the quality of life for children through the 5 positive outcomes of Every child matters. Parents leave children in the care with an expectation that they can trust you and your colleagues to keep their children form harm. It is difficult for many parents to leave their children, they need to be fully confident that their children are in safe, supportive hands with people who will help their development. Failing to meet this is a gross breach of your professional values. | Any professional working with children or young people is responsible for the care and well being of those children. Making sure that a child is safe on or out of a care setting is of paramount importance. Not only does it make a child or young person feel safe in a learning environment but it also gives the child the security to develop and achieve from an early age. For children to be effectively protected, it is essential that everyone accepts the responsibility of their role and to also be protected in that role. E.g. when escorting a child to the toilet or a child needs to be undressed due to any accident, it is vital that another member of staff or child is present as to not allow any allegations of misconduct. Physical contact between child and adult is important for building caring and trustworthy relationships but only when handled in an acceptable and responsible manner. There may be times, especially with younger children, occasions where a distressed or upset child needs comfort and encouragement which may include physical comforting, in these cases employees should use their discretion and common sense in order for allegations not to follow. | | | | 3.2 Explain policies and procedures that are in place to protect children and young people and adults who work with them As well as having policies to ensure that only suitable people work in their setting, managers need to promote very clear practices and ways of working to protect both the children and adults work with. Everyone in a setting has a responsibility to work hard to promote the welfare of the children in their care. Working in an open and transparent way Open-plan rooms~ this ensures that no member of staff is totally alone and out of view with a child. Sharing plans and talking about different ways of working also helps to make sure that staff work in the most appropriate ways. Listening to children and young people Whenever possible avoid agreeing to keep something a secret. Always tell a child if you feel you need to share information- especially if you feel a safeguarding issue is involved. It is important that you record and report any concern you have about a child’s welfare; make sure you know who to go in your setting. Power and positions of trust If you are involved in the care of children or young people, you are working in a position of trust. You have authority over the children and parents have placed their trust in you to look after them; this brings responsibilities. People who with to occupy position of trust with children and young people and vulnerable adults have to have enhanced CRP checks. Propriety and behaviour Children and young people tend to respect and look up to people in position of trust. You must think carefully about your own behaviour and the example you set to children and young people in your care. Physical contact Young children need physical contact; in they have fallen over, a cuddle can help them to recover and get back to playing. However, too much physical contact can be easily misunderstood. Make sure you are familiar with what is acceptable. Taking a child to the toilet, changing a nappy or helping a child change out of soiled clothes are all normal everyday tasks; but never do any of these in a room with the door closed or out of sight of other member of staff. Remembering this protects not only the child but yourself as well. Photographs and video recordings Photographing or videoing activities in any setting are great ways to let parents see what their children have been doing. ~ photos and videos are not available to anyone other than parents and carers ~always make sure that parents have given permission for photos to be taken ~check your policy on parents taking photos or videos. 3.3 Evaluate ways in which concerns about poor practice can be reported whilst ensuring that whistle blowers and those whose practice or behaviour is being questioned are protected At some stage in with children you may be faced with the problem of what to do about someone whose practice is unacceptable.You must not ignore poor practice – no matter who it is being carried out by. ( It can be very difficult to report someone you work with – or even your manager) How to whistle blow: ~think about exactly what is worrying you and why ~approach your supervisor, manager or safeguarding named person ~tell someone about your concerns as soon as you feel you can ~put your concerns in writing, outlining the background and history, giving names, dates and places where you can ~,ale sure something happens Whistle blowing does take courage. ( there is the risk of being bullied or harassed as a result) But anyone who whistle blows has the right to protection from the person they have raised concerns about. If you suffer as a result of a whistle blowing incident the UK Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 offers legal protection. 3.4 Explain how practitioners can take steps to protect themselves within their everyday practice in the work setting and on off site visits A significant element of a practitioner’s role in protecting themselves would be to read policies and procedures that are put in place to safeguard them and children or young people in their care. In a care setting a professional can protect themselves by:~ Avoid being alone in a closed room with a child.~ Two members of staff must be present if a child needs to be undressed in the event of an accident.~ If a child is collected late by a parent/carer then two staff members must stay until the child is collected.~ Always be seen to working in an open and transparent way where there is either visual access or an open door, especially in one to one situations. ~ Avoid meetings with children or young people in an isolated or private area of a care setting.It would be unrealistic to recommend that a member of staff should touch children or young people only in emergencies as very few people would agree with that, especially when young children can become so distressed in certain situations and a cuddle or close contact is needed by the child. Physical contact, guides and support are necessary in a range of settings appropriate to the age of the child and the circumstances at that time. Settings should provide a clear guidance about when and how the physical contact should be used in order to protect both staff and children. Effective management of risk should become automatic as you become more experienced. For every activity you plan, you should think about the hazards, the likelihood of the hazard occurring and the control measures. Risk~ the outcome or likely impact of the hazard associated with the activity to be undertaken Hazard~ something that has the potential to cause harm Likelihood ~ the probability of any harm from the hazard actually happening Control measure~ any activity or measures put in place to control or minimise identified risks In the case of educational visits, professionals should always carry out a full risk assessment of that visit, under the Health and Safety at work regulations Act 1999 it requires employers to assess the risks of activities, introduce measures to control these risks and inform employees of these measures. Before a trip can be arranged employers must follow the necessary policies and procedures as follows: ~Age, competence, fitness and the standard behaviour of the children and young people.~ Any special educational or medical needs of the children.~ Adult to children ratio. ~ The competence and qualifications of the accompanying adults.~ Modes of transport and location of visit.~ Emergency procedures.~ Permission from parents.~ Relevant medical or dietary needs of children. | | 4. Understand how to respond to evidence or concerns that a child or young person has been abused or harmed | | 4.1 Describe the possible signs, symptoms, indicators and behaviours that may cause concern in the context of safeguarding It is important that you are aware of the indications of child abuse. Not every sing means a child is being abused. Sometimes the first signs that you observe are not physical but a change in behaviour. It is important that you record your concerns and monitor any unexplained changes in a child’s behaviour. Sometimes a child may be experiencing more than one type of abuse. Physical abuse Physical abuse is when a child is physically hurt or injured ( hitting, kicking, beating with objects, throwing and shaking are all physical abuse, and cause pain, cuts bruising, broken bones and sometimes even death) Sings and symptoms of physical abuse can include: ~ unexplained recurrent injuries of burns ~wearing heavy cloth to cover injuries, even in hot weather ~refusal to undressing ~ bald patches of hair ~ repeated running away form home ~ fear of medical examination ~aggression towards self and others ~fear of physical contact, shrinking back if approached or touched Many signs of physical abuse can be confused with genuine accidental injuries, but they are often not in the places or distributed as you would expect. Sometimes the explanation does not fit the injury, or you may see the outline of a belt buckle or cigarette burn. Suspicion should be aroused if the parents have not sought medical advice soon after the injury occurred. Emotional abuse Emotional abuse occurs when children are not given love, approval or acceptance. They may be constantly criticised, blamed, sworn and shouted at, told that other people are better than they are. Emotional abuse also involves withholding love and affection. It is often linked with neglect Signs and symptoms of emotional abuse can include: ~ delayed development ~sudden speech problems such as stammering ~low self-esteem ~fear of any new situations ~neurotic behaviour ~extremes of withdrawal or aggression Neglect Neglect, which can result in failure to thrive, is when parents or others looking after children do not provide them whit proper food, warmth, shelter, clothing, care and protection Signs and symptoms of neglect can include: ~constant hunger ~poor personal hygiene ~constant tiredness ~poor state of clothing ~unusual thinness or lack of normal body weight ~untreated medical problems ~ no social relationships ~ stealing food ~destructive tendencies Sexual abuse Sexual abuse is when a child is forced or persuaded into sexual acts or situations by others. Children may be encouraged to look at pornography, be harassed by sexual suggestions or comments, be touched sexually or forced to have sex. Signs and symptoms of neglect can include: ~sexual knowledge of behaviour that is inappropriate to the child’s age ~medical problems such as chronic itching, pain in the genitals, venereal die ~depression, self-mutilation, suicide attempts, running away, overdoses or anorexia ~personality changes (becoming insecure or clinging) ~regressing to younger behaviour patterns (thumb-sucking, cuddly toys) ~sudden loss of appetite or compulsive eating ~being isolated or withdrawn ~inability to concentrate ~lack of trust or fear of someone they know well, (wanting to be alone with babysitter, child minder) ~starting to wet or soil again, day or night ~becoming worried about clothing being removed ~drawing sexually explicit pictures ~trying to be ‘ultra-good or perfect, overreacting to criticism 4.2 Describe the actions to take if a child or young person alleges harm or abuse in line with policies and procedures of own setting All settings that have contact with children and young people must have clear policies and procedures to follow in all cases of abuse. Staff must have training in these and organisation for dealing with the situation. Disclosure of abuse by a child can occur at any time and it can be a shock to hear details. The way an allegation is received can be very important in the outcome to a child, even many years later. There have been many examples in the past of children not being believed at the time they declared their experience often resulting in serious problems later in life. Disclosure of abuse ~ when a child tells or implies to you that he or she has been abused 4.3 Explain the rights that children, young people and their carers have in situations where harm or abuse is suspected or alleged 44 | | Children and their parents or carers have important rights even in cases of suspected abuse. Most children feel loyal towards those who care for them even when they have been responsible for the abuse, and have difficulty saying anything against them. In situation where harm or abuse is suspected or alleged, it is important to remember the following guidelines. ~ children and young people should receive help so they can express themselves fully, understand what is happening and the decisions that have to be made. ~ a child or young person has a right not to be subjected to repeated medical examinations or questioning following any allegation of abuse, whether of a physical or sexual nature ~family members normally have the right to know what is being said about them and to contribute to important decisions about their lives and those of their children ~children should be kept fully informed of processes involving them, should be consulted sensitively and decisions about their future should take account of their views 5. Understand how to respond to evidence or concerns that a child or young person has been bullied Bullying and the fear of bullying are major worries for many children and young people. Explain different types of bullying and the potential effects on children and young people The victims of bullying are usually different in some way form the bully, the differences may be as simple as a different physical characteristic or being seen as a swot. Bullying can be specific. The basis for the bullying it can be one or more of the following forms: ~ physical (pushing, kicking hitting, pinching and other forms of violence or threats) ~verbal (name-calling, insults, sarcasm, spreading rumours, persistent teasing) ~ emotional ( including not speaking to and excluding someone, tormenting ridicule, humiliation) ~cyber-bullying ( the use of information and communications technology particularly mobile phones and the internet, deliberately to upset someone else) Bullying can be carried out by one person against another, or by groups of people ‘ ganging up’ on a person. Bullying is not always delivered as a personal face -to- face attack, but can also be delivered through technology. Threatened or attempted suicideDepression Running awayLow self esteem Potential effects of bullying Isolation Shyness Poor academic achievement There are many reasons and possibilities as to why people bully, most of the time it’s because the victim is different in some way. Below are some of the differences why someone might be bullied: Someone’s appearance (e.g. hair colour or style, height) Someone’s race Someone’s religion Someone’s nationality Someone’s sexual orientation Someone being jealous Both males and females are capable of carrying out a vicious attack such as bullying on others. Some bullies only do it to uphold their reputation and look â€Å"hard†. Another reason would be either sex of a bully trying to maintain their superficial superiority. Many bullies only bully others out of jealousy and many of the people who have been bullied go on to do great things with their life, like some famous people who have been bullied. 5.2 Outline the policies and procedures that should be followed in response to concerns or evidence of bullying and explain the reasons why they are in place All schools are required by low to have anti-bulling policies in place but these vary in how they are worded and the subsequent actions that need to be taken. Schools must also have policies to encourage good behaviour and respect for others on the part for others on the part of pupils. The Department for Education is clear that no form of bullying should be tolerated. Bullying should be taken very seriously; it is not a normal part of growing up and it can ruin lives. The current anti-bulling guidance for schools: Safe to learn: embedding anti-bulling work in schools was launched in September 2007 5.3 Explain how to support a child or young person and /or their family when bullying is suspected or alleged When dealing with someone who is being bullied it is important to remember that they will be very upset although they may not show it on the outside. If they have plucked up the courage to talk to you then they need to know you will take the problem seriously. In the case of an older child, it is a good idea to ask them to write down exactly what happened and who was there so that you can speak to other people. The more information you have, the better you will be able to deal with the problem and the faster you can sort out exactly what happened. Reassure the victim that you will be back in touch with them as soon as you have completed your investigation and that if there are any more problems in the meantime they must let you know immediately. Supporting the family Parents can find it very hard to know how to help their child if they are being bullied. Some parents will have to cope with the news that it is their child who is a bully. You need to know to support parents in both these cases. Listen to parents; let them explain how they are feeling. Direct them to useful information so that they can start to think how to support their child. 6. Understand how to work with children and young people to support their safety and well-being 6.1 Explain how to support children and young people’s self-confidence and self-esteem Children and young people who are: ~assertive ~self-confident ~self-aware ~and have high self-esteem are less likely to be vulnerable to abuse. A child who has high self-esteem will do better in many aspects of development. Self esteem can be supported by: ~giving lots of praise and encouragement ~encouraging independence and choice, with many opportunities to try things out ~teaching children how to be assertive ( which means having their own needs met but still respecting those of others) ~encouraging cooperation, respect and tolerance between children, and giving a positive example yourself 6.2 Analyse the importance of supporting resilience in children and young people Resilience is the ability to deal with the ups and down of life and is based on self-esteem. The more resilience a child is the better they will deal with life as they grow and develop into adulthood. Many factors can positively affect a child’s resilience: ~secure early attachment ~confidence of being loved by family and friends ~good sense of self-identity ~ability to act independently ~confidence to try new things 6.3 Explain why it is important to work with the child or young person to ensure they have strategies to protect themselves and make decisions about safety The important thing for all children to remember is that they should never feel uncomfortable about someone the are with or something being done to them. Children and young people need support to be able to keep themselves safe. It is important to be available to talk with children about any concerns they may have. If they are upset by a reported case of abuse, be as reassuring as possible. Stress that almost all children lead safe and happy lives and only a very few adults want to hurt children in any way. Using correct anatomical language, at a level appropriate to the child, is important when you are talking about bodies. Simple, age-appropriate sessions, linked to other activities, on how the human body works help children to understand what their bodies can do and raise awareness of what is normal and what is not. Sessions on ‘body maintenance’ should be an integral part of children’s education,not just to warn them of the danger of misuse. The Keep safe Code produced by Kids cape is an effective way of getting across the message about personal safety to young children. Older children need more detailed information such as: ~ lessons on normal sexual function, related to adult behaviour ( relevant to your setting’s policy ~information about misuse of their bodies, through smoking, alcohol and illegal drugs ~the risks of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, herpes, gonorrhoea,..) Help from other organisations Organisations such as Kidscape, Childeline and the NSPCC can help eith information and guidance on these topics. It is important to use them properly and be sure that information is accurate and used to best effect. 6.4 Explain ways of empowering children and young people to make positive and informed choices that support their well being and safety. Children and young people need to be empowered to keep themselves safe. Children will always push boundaries and take risks – that is how we all learn. Your role is to manage those risks without taking away their independence. When they are empowered, and can make their own choices, the are able to do things alone and without supervision. 7. Understand the importance of e-safety for children and young people 7.1 Explain the risks and possible consequences for children and young people of being online and of using a mobile phone This is an admirable ambition, with huge benefits for everyone – especially in relation to research and learning. But it is also fraught with danger as the Internet and mobile network also offer possibilities tor the abuse of children and young people. Most children and young people have access to the Internet and the use of a mobile phone. Both offer benefits to children but equally can expose them to threats to their safety and well-being. The Internet, mobile phones and video games pose a number of risks to children and young people – including cyber – bullying, access to unsuitable sites, exposure to commercial sites and danger form adults seeking to exploit children. 7.2 Describe ways of reducing risk to children and young people from: ~ social networking ~ internet use ~ buying online ~ using a mobile phone Short of banning all access to the Internet and mobile phones it is not possible to eliminate the risks to children and young people. But is is possible to build children’s resilience to the material to which they may be exposed, so that they have the confidence and skills to use the Internet more safely. The Byron Review identified three key objectives to protect children: ~reduce availability ~restrict access ~increase resilience to harmful and inappropriate material online. There are number of measures available that start to meet some of these objectives including: ~ parental controls that allow Internet sites with unsuitable material to be limited ~blocks on use ~improving the knowledge, skills and understanding around e-safety of children, parents and other responsible adults Ways in which you can help to improve children’s knowledge and skills include: ~ making them aware of the dangers ~helping them to develop the skills to recognise danger ~supporting them in dealing with situations they are not happy with.Combined with a sensible approach, such as making sure that children do not spend time on the computer unsupervised or for too long a period of time – these tools can make using the Internet a useful and enjoyable experience. Education of parents and carers are less skilled at using the Internet than their children are and may not be aware of the dangers of how to control access to certain material.